124 Control Structures: Part 1 Chapter 4 Operators (Mac os x web server)
124 Control Structures: Part 1 Chapter 4 Operators Associativity Type ++ — + - (type) right to left unary prefix */ % left to right multiplicative + left to right additive < <= > >= left to right relational == != left to right equality ?: right to left conditional = += -= *= /= %= right to left assignment Fig. 4.15 Precedence and associativity of the operators discussed so far in this book. (Part 2 of 2.) 4.13 Introduction to Windows Application Programming Today, users demand software with rich GUIs that allow them to click buttons, select items from menus and much more. In this chapter and the previous, we created console applications. However, most C# programs used in industry are Windows applications with GUIs. For this reason, we are introducing Windows applications early in the book, although doing so exposes some concepts that we do not explain fully until later chapters. In Chapter 2, Introduction to the Visual Studio .NET IDE, we introduced the concept of visual programming, which allows programmers to create graphical user interfaces (GUIs) without writing any programming code. In this section, we combine visual programming with the conventional programming techniques introduced in this chapter and Chapter 3, Introduction to C# Programming. Through this combination, we can enhance considerably the Windows application introduced in Chapter 2. Load the project ASimpleProject from Chapter 2 into the IDE. To identify easily the form and its controls in the program code, change the (Name) properties of the form, label and picture box to ASimpleProgram, welcomeLabel and bugPictureBox, respectively. To change a GUI component s properties, select (click) the component in the design window, then locate the property in the Properties window. Click the box to the right of the property name to input a new value, then press the Enter key. With visual programming, the IDE generates the program code that creates the GUI. This code contains instructions for the creation of the form and every control on it. Unlike a console application, a Windows application s program code is not displayed initially in the editor window. Once the program s project (e.g., ASimpleProgram) is opened in the IDE, the program code can be viewed by selecting View > Code. Figure 4.16 shows the code editor displaying the program code. Windows applications use classes. We already have seen examples of classes such as Console and MessageBox, which are defined within the .NET Framework Class Library. Classes are logical groupings of procedures and data that simplify program organization. In-depth coverage of classes is provided in Chapter 8, Object-Based Programming. Every Windows application consists of at least one class that inherits from class Form (which represents a form) in the .NET Framework Class Library s System.Windows. Forms namespace. The keyword class begins a class definition and is followed
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