132 Control Structures: Part 1 Chapter (Graphic web design) 4
132 Control Structures: Part 1 Chapter 4 A fatal logic error causes a program to fail and terminate prematurely. A nonfatal logic error allows a program to continue executing, but the program produces incorrect results. A repetition structure repeats an action (or set of actions) while some condition remains true. Eventually, the condition in a while structure will become false. At this point, the repetition terminates, and the first statement after the repetition structure executes. It is a logic error to fail to provide in the body of a while structure an action that eventually causes the condition to become false. Normally, such a repetition structure will never terminate, which is an error called an infinite loop. We use counter-controlled repetition to input data values one at a time, a specified number of times. This technique uses a variable called a counter to control the number of times a set of statements will execute. Counter-controlled repetition often is called definite repetition because the number of repetitions is known before the loop begins executing. Sentinel-controlled repetition is often called indefinite repetition because the number of repetitions is not known before the loop begins executing. The sentinel value (also called the signal value, dummy value or flag value) determines when to terminate a repetition structure. We approach programming problems with top-down, stepwise refinement a technique that is essential to the development of well-structured algorithms. The top is a single statement that conveys the overall function of the program. As such, the top is a complete representation of a program. We divide the top into a series of smaller tasks and list these in the order in which they must be performed. Each refinement, including the top itself, is a complete specification of the algorithm; only the level of detail in each refinement varies. Many algorithms can be divided logically into three phases an initialization phase that initializes the program variables, a processing phase that inputs data values and adjusts program variables accordingly and a termination phase that calculates and prints the results. The programmer terminates the top-down, stepwise refinement process when the pseudocode algorithm is specified in sufficient detail for the programmer to convert the pseudocode to a C# program. Omitting the curly braces that delineate a block in the body of a repetition structure can lead to logic errors, such as infinite loops. Dividing two integers results in integer division, in which any fractional part of the calculation is truncated. To ensure that the operands in an expression are of the same type, C# performs implicit conversion on selected operands and promotes them to the same type. C# provides the unary increment operator, ++, and the unary decrement operator, –. These operators add 1 to or subtract 1 from their operand, respectively. If an increment or decrement operator is placed before a variable, it is referred to as the preincrement or predecrement operator, respectively. If an increment or decrement operator is placed after a variable, it is referred to as the postincrement or postdecrement operator, respectively. A key benefit of extending classes using inheritance is that all the general capabilities are provided by the original class programmers do not need to define these capabilities on their own. Method InitializeComponent contains the code to configure component properties in a GUI. The value in parentheses after the type in a newoperation initializes the new object.
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