Chapter 4 Control Structures: Part 1 123 passes (Apache web server tutorial)
Chapter 4 Control Structures: Part 1 123 passes = passes + 1; failures = failures + 1; student = student + 1; can be written more concisely with assignment operators as passes += 1; failures += 1; student += 1; with preincrement operators as ++passes; ++failures; ++student; or with postincrement operators as passes++; failures++; student++; It is important to note here that when incrementing or decrementing a variable in an expression or statement by itself, the preincrement and postincrement forms have the same effect, and the predecrement and postdecrement forms have the same effect. It is only when a variable appears in the context of a larger expression that preincrementing and postincrementing the variable have different effects (and similarly for predecrementing and postdecrementing). Common Programming Error 4.10 Attempting to use the increment or decrement operator on an expression other than a variable reference is a syntax error. A variable reference is a variable or expression that can appear on the left side of an assignment operation. For example, writing ++(x + 1) is a syntax error, because (x+1) is not a variable reference.2 The chart in Fig. 4.15 shows the precedence and associativity of the operators introduced to this point. The operators are shown top to bottom in decreasing order of precedence. The second column describes the associativity of the operators at each level of precedence. Notice that the conditional operator (?:), the unary operators increment (++), decrement (–), plus (+), minus (-), cast and the assignment operators (=, +=, -=, *=, / = and %=) associate from right to left. All other operators in the operator precedence chart of Fig. 4.15 associate from left to right. The third column names the groups of operators. Operators Associativity Type () left to right parentheses ++–right to left unary postfix Fig. 4.15 Precedence and associativity of the operators discussed so far in this book. (Part 1 of 2.) 2. The term variable reference is equivalent to the term lvalue ( left value ), which is popular among C and C++ programmers.
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