Web hosting contract - Chapter 8 Object-Based Programming 327 It might, for
Chapter 8 Object-Based Programming 327 It might, for example, quietly produce an incorrect result. Mathematical integers do not have this problem. Therefore, the notion of a computer int is only an approximation of the notion of a real-world integer. The same is true of float and other built-in types. We have taken the notion of int for granted until this point, but we now consider it from a new perspective. Types like int, float, char and others are all examples of abstract data types. These types are representations of real-world notions to some satisfactory level of precision within a computer system. An ADT actually captures two notions: A data representation and the operations that can be performed on that data. For example, in C#, an int contains an integer value (data) and provides addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and modulus operations; however, division by zero is undefined. C# programmers use classes to implement abstract data types. Software Engineering Observation 8.17 Programmers can create types through the use of the class mechanism. These new types can be designed so that they are as convenient to use as the built-in types. This marks C# as an extensible language. Although the language is easy to extend via new types, the programmer cannot alter the base language itself. Another abstract data type we discuss is a queue, which is similar to a waiting line. Computer systems use many queues internally. A queue offers well-understood behavior to its clients: Clients place items in a queue one at a time via an enqueue operation, then get those items back one at a time via a dequeue operation. A queue returns items in first-in, first-out (FIFO) order, which means that the first item inserted in a queue is the first item removed. Conceptually, a queue can become infinitely long, but real queues are finite. The queue hides an internal data representation that keeps track of the items currently waiting in line, and it offers a set of operations to its clients (enqueue and dequeue). The clients are not concerned about the implementation of the queue clients simply depend upon the queue to operate as advertised. When a client enqueues an item, the queue should accept that item and place it in some kind of internal FIFO data structure. Similarly, when the client wants the next item from the front of the queue, the queue should remove the item from its internal representation and deliver the item in FIFO order (i.e., the item that has been in the queue the longest should be the next one returned by the next dequeue operation). The queue ADT guarantees the integrity of its internal data structure. Clients cannot manipulate this data structure directly only the queue ADT has access to its internal data. Clients are able to perform only allowable operations on the data representation; the ADT rejects operations that its public interface does not provide. 8.15 Software Reusability C# programmers concentrate both on crafting new classes and on reusing classes from the Framework Class Library (FCL), which contains thousands of predefined classes. Developers construct software by combining programmer-defined classes with well-defined, carefully tested, well-documented, portable and widely available FCL classes. This kind of software reusability speeds the development of powerful, high-quality software. Rapid applications development (RAD) is of great interest today.
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